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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Unscrupulous diner's dilemma ： ウィキペディア英語版 Unscrupulous diner's dilemma In game theory, the unscrupulous diner's dilemma (or just diner's dilemma) is an ''n''-player prisoner's dilemma. The situation imagined is that several individuals go out to eat, and prior to ordering, they agree to split the check equally between all of them. Each individual must now choose whether to order the expensive or inexpensive dish. It is presupposed that the expensive dish is better than the cheaper, but not by enough to warrant paying the difference compared to eating alone. Each individual reasons that the expense s/he adds to their bill by ordering the more expensive item is very small, and thus the improved dining experience is worth the money. However, having all reasoned thus, they all end up paying for the cost of the more expensive meal, which by assumption, is worse for everyone than having ordered and paid for the cheaper meal. ==Formal definition and equilibrium analysis== Let ''g'' represent the joy of eating the expensive meal, ''b'' the joy of eating the cheap meal, ''h'' is the cost of the expensive meal, ''l'' the cost of the cheap meal, and ''n'' the number of players. From the description above we have the following ordering $h-l>g-b$. Also, in order to make the game sufficiently similar to the Prisoner's dilemma we presume that one would prefer to order the expensive meal given others will help defray the cost, $g\; -\; \backslash frach\; >\; b\; -\; \backslash fracl$ Consider an arbitrary set of strategies by a player's opponent. Let the total cost of the other player's meals be ''x''. The cost of ordering the cheap meal is $\backslash fracx\; +\; \backslash fracl$ and the cost of ordering the expensive meal is $\backslash fracx\; +\; \backslash frach$. So the utilities for each meal are $g\; -\; \backslash fracx\; -\; \backslash frach$ for the expensive meal and $b\; -\; \backslash fracx\; -\; \backslash fracl$ for the cheaper meal. By assumption, the utility of ordering the expensive meal is higher. Remember that the choice of opponents' strategies was arbitrary and that the situation is symmetric. This proves that the expensive meal is strictly dominant and thus the unique Nash equilibrium. If everyone orders the expensive meal all of the diners pay ''h'' and their total utility is $g-h$. On the other hand if all the individuals had ordered the cheap meal, their utility would have been $b-l$. Since by assumption $b-l>g-h$, everyone would be better off. This demonstrates the similarity between the diner's dilemma and the prisoner's dilemma. Like the prisoner's dilemma, everyone is worse off by playing the unique equilibrium than they would have been if they collectively pursued another strategy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Unscrupulous diner's dilemma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.